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let me give a brief abstract to the talk

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rather than start into the sequence of

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PowerPoint slides if you look up

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textbooks on physics you'll find decay

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rates of the radioactive elements listed

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and you'll be told that these are

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constants nothing nothing changes the

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decay rate of any of these radioactive

9
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elements well my colleagues here

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function and etc Purdue University have

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realized that there's contradictory

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evidence of this at least three

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laboratories who have carried out not a

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year studies of several elements

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radioactive elements have found annual

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variations in the decay rates these

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elements there they there thurs

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interpretation was that this must be due

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to the varying distance between the

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Earth and the Sun that there's some

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particles or some other effect coming

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from the Sun that therefore varies with

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the variation of distance of the Earth

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and the Sun and is at this point that I

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came into the picture and joined them

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and I have concluded that is not the

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case that there is something else going

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on and that it really is due to a

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process that I have involved neutrinos

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solar neutrinos or is closely related to

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solar neutrinos so now I'll try to give

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you the evidence for that conclusion

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radioactive decays as involved from

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radium to actinium giving off an

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electron this is one of the processes

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that was involved i think by the PTP

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experiment alfred there to kinda came

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mainly alpha decay

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which of a nucleus will lose two protons

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two neutrons or beta decay in which the

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nucleus loses an electron and the others

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as well and will this doesn't matter to

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us as the one the experiments carries at

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Brookhaven National Laboratory a very

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distinguished laboratory dealing with

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radium and they had silicon as a

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standard and this is the paper they

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published in 1986 in which they give

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their measurement of the half-life and

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if they know what they're after was

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getting a more accurate measurement of

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the half-life of silicon but they found

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that the measurements showed a very

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clear annual variation of a fraction of

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a percent and of course this makes you

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very worried because you know that the

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temperature of laboratory there is

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between summer and winter you know that

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the radon flux there is annually for

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similar because the temperature

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variations and so that the immediate

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conclusion is that your is contamination

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in your experiments and that is not a

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rule variation it's a just an apparent

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12 to 22 environmental effects but they

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make careful studies and they could not

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convince themselves that were the case

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it was left as an open question that

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there appears to be an annual variation

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they could not explain and here is a

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plot of their data and the blue points

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are their measurements and either five

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point average and the red curve is

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appropriately scaled representation of

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the distance of the earth-sun distance

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and if you look carefully you'll notice

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they're not quite in phase and that's a

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very important point which will come

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back to later on

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another experiment of an even longer

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time scale I think almost 20 years Carol

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in Germany and they were studying radium

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and they found a variation of a fraction

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of a percent a similar variation an

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annual variation and here amines it's a

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very impressive curve showing again the

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blue points are their data are their

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measurements of the other decay rates

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and the red curve is the earth-sun

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distance so it looks at first sight as

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if there really is a correlation between

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earth-sun distance and the decay rate

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and that led the Purdue scientists to

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conclude that there's some kind of flux

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that is affecting the decay rate but it

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falls off the distance from the Sun but

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if you look carefully at the phase of

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this annual variation which is shown in

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green and compare that with with the

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phase of the earth-sun distance is shown

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in red you see they don't quite match

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and so this makes one suspect that is

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not just the earth-sun distance that is

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of influencing this process and my

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colleagues applaud you therefore propose

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there is some scale of fuel or something

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emitted from the Sun well no actually

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this was there this was their model

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before noticing the phase problem now

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their experience carried out by a group

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in Italy on dark matter and they were

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looking for evidence of dark matter by

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the variation of a scintillation

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detector measurements and they'd knowing

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the rosti of Earth respect to the the

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galactic background or a cosmological

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background they figured that there

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should be an

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annual variation with pigs I think

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sometime in June June too and

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interestingly enough they they found

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annual variation and they found that it

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does indeed peek around that time so

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here is a correlation here's a

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comparison of the phases the PTB a

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German experiment had a maximum January

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31 whereas the earth-sun distance had

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its minimum giving a maximum effects

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from the sun on january three the

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magnitude affect the sun's axis is

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tilted reflect ecliptic and you get the

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best view of the northern hemisphere of

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the sun on march eight the neutrino flux

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had been found to vary annually and that

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peaks around februari to the wimps

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observed by the weekly suspected wimps

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observed by the da ma group peaks around

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june two now what you see is that the

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PTP data sea is closest to the neutrino

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data and that attracted my attention so

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i've been studying solar neutrinos for

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quite a few years so what are the

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possible explanations say of the annual

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variation one is that there's

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environmental effects and

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experimentalists say that now we've been

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very careful we've ruled that out the

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other ear is it due to these weakly

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interacting massive particles that the

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Italian group claimed to observe but the

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phases don't agree neutrinos the face is

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ok but the mechanism is unknown there

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could be something else of course going

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on so I decided one needs to do find

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something else about this data set to

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try to see whether it really is due to

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neutrinos or not and I have found that

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the neutrino flux is closely correlated

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with the total light output from the Sun

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called in radiance was a very surprising

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rule out resolved with very strong

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result and that that has a variation

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if there is with a pure frequency of

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about 11.1 cycles per year about

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30-something days per year different

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from the surface rotation rate so what I

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did was to take the Iranian data and

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compare it with this decay rate data

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using the Decatur using the radians as a

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proxy for neutrinos and I found that

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there's a very strong this is a

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correlation measurement that this curve

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shows the correlation between the decay

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rates and the Iranian siz a function of

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frequency and you see the very sharp

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peak at eleven point oh eight cycles per

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year confirming the conjecture that what

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is affecting the decay rate of these

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elements is in fact neutrinos and i did

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a monte carlo calculation to see whether

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the chance effect and i ran a hundred

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thousand monte carlo's and not one of

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them gave a strong a result as the

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actual data so this this correlation

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between a radiance was the proxy for